IoT is a comprises of “things” that have unique identities and are connected to the Internet.

Characteristics of an IoT Device

• Dynamic
• Self – Adapting
• Self – Configuring
• Interoperable Communication Protocols
• Unique Identity
• Integrated into Information Technology

 

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IoT Protocols

Link Layer

• 802.3 Ethernet
• 802.11 Wifi ( Wireless Fidelity )
• 802.16 WiMax ( Worldwide Microwave Access )
• 802.15.4 LR-WPAN ( Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network )
• 2G/3G/LTE Cellular Communication

Network Layer

• IPv4 / IPv6 ( Internet Protocol Version 4 / 6 )
• 6LoWPAN ( Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network )

Transport Layer

• TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol )
• UDP ( User Datagram Protocol )

Application Layer

• HTTP ( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol )
• CoAP ( Constrained Application Protocol )
• WebSockets
• MQTT ( Message Queue Telemetry Transport )
• XMPP ( Extensive Messaging and Presence Protocol )
• DDS ( Data Distribution Service )
• AMQP ( Advanced Message Queuing Protocol )

 

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An IoT System comprises of a number of Functional Blocks that provide the system the capabilites of identification, sensoring and management. IoT Functional Blocks consists of Device, Communication, Services, Management, Security, and Application.

IoT Communication Models

• Request – Response Model
• Publish-Subscribe Model
• Push-Pull Model
• Exclusive Pair Model

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IoT Systems

IoT Systems comprises of the following Components:

Device: Has Identification, Remote Sensing, Actuating and Remote Monitoring Capabilities

Resources: Software Components Accessing, Processing and Storing Sensor Information Controlling actuators connected to the Device

Controller Service: Service running on the Local Device Interacts with the Web Service Send Data from Device to the WebServers and Receive Commands from Applications for controlling Devices

Databases: Either Local or in the Cloud Stores the Data generated in the IoT Device

Web Services: Link b/w Device, Application, Database and Analysis Component. Can be implemented by HTTP and REST Principles OR WebSocket Protocol

Analysis Component: Analyze the IoT Data Generate Results in a form easy for the user to understand. Can be analyzed locally or in the Cloud and stored thereafter in Local or cloud databases

Application: User Interface which Control and Monitor various aspects of an IoT device User can view system status and processed data

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IoT Levels

Level 1

• Single Device for sensing –> Stores Data –> Performs Analysis –> Hosts the app
• Used to Low Cost and Low Complexity Solutions
• Less Data Involved
• Example: Home Automation

Level 2

• Single Device
• Local Analysis Data stored in Cloud Application is Cloud-based
• Suitable for solutions where the data involved is Big but not computationally intensive, hence analysis was done Locally
• Example: Smart Irrigation

Level 3

• Single Node
• Data stored and analyzed in the Cloud Application is cloud-based
• Suitable for Devices where data is big and computation is intensive
• Example: Tracking Package Handling Device monitors vibration levels of the package being shipped
• Sends sensor data to Cloud through WebSocket Service Data stored and visualized in Cloud and analysis component can trigger alerts if vibration levels cross a threshold

Level 4

• Multiple Nodes that perform local analysis
• Data is stored in Cloud and application is Cloud-based Local and Cloud-based observer nodes that can subscribe to and receive information collected in the Cloud from IoT devices
• Observer nodes can collect information and use it but can’t control other nodes
• Suitable for systems which require multiple Nodes, and data is Big and Computationally is intensive
• Example: Noise Monitoring

Level 5

• Multiple End Nodes: perform sensing and Actuation
• One coordinator Node: Collects data from End Nodes and sends to Cloud
• Data stored and analyzed in Cloud
• Suitable for Solutions based on Wireless Sensor Networks, in which data is big and analysis is intensive
• Example: Forest Fire Detection

Level 6

• Multiple End Nodes: performs sensing and actuation and sends information to Cloud
• Data stored in Cloud and application is Cloud-based Analyzed information is stored in Cloud and results are visualized
• Centralized Controller is aware of status of all end Nodes and sends control commands to the nodes
• Example: Weather Monitoring

 

Thanxx for reading. Stay Tuned for more such posts 🙂