By IoT is a comprises of “things” that have unique identities and are connected to the Internet.
Characteristics of an IoT Device
- Dynamic
- Self – Adapting
- Self – Configuring
- Interoperable Communication Protocols
- Unique Identity
- Integrated into Information Technology
IoT Protocols
Link Layer
- 802.3 Ethernet
- 802.11 Wifi ( Wireless Fidelity )
- 802.16 WiMax ( Worldwide Microwave Access )
- 802.15.4 LR-WPAN ( Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network )
- 2G/3G/LTE Cellular Communication
Network Layer
- IPv4 / IPv6 ( Internet Protocol Version 4 / 6 )
- 6LoWPAN ( Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network )
Transport Layer
- TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol )
- UDP ( User Datagram Protocol )
Application Layer
- HTTP ( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol )
- CoAP ( Constrained Application Protocol )
- WebSockets
- MQTT ( Message Queue Telemetry Transport )
- XMPP ( Extensive Messaging and Presence Protocol )
- DDS ( Data Distribution Service )
- AMQP ( Advanced Message Queuing Protocol )
An IoT System comprises of a number of Functional Blocks that provide the system the capabilites of identification, sensoring and management. IoT Functional Blocks consists of Device, Communication, Services, Management, Security, and Application.
IoT Communication Models
- Request – Response Model
- Publish-Subscribe Model
- Push-Pull Model
- Exclusive Pair Model
IoT Systems
IoT Systems comprises of the following Components:
Device: Has Identification, Remote Sensing, Actuating and Remote Monitoring Capabilities
Resources: Software Components Accessing, Processing and Storing Sensor Information Controlling actuators connected to the Device
Controller Service: Service running on the Local Device Interacts with the Web Service Send Data from Device to the WebServers and Receive Commands from Applications for controlling Devices
Databases: Either Local or in the Cloud Stores the Data generated in the IoT Device
Web Services: Link b/w Device, Application, Database and Analysis Component. Can be implemented by HTTP and REST Principles OR WebSocket Protocol
Analysis Component: Analyze the IoT Data Generate Results in a form easy for the user to understand. Can be analyzed locally or in the Cloud and stored thereafter in Local or cloud databases
Application: User Interface which Control and Monitor various aspects of an IoT device User can view system status and processed data
IoT Levels
Level 1
- Single Device for sensing –> Stores Data –> Performs Analysis –> Hosts the app
- Used to Low Cost and Low Complexity Solutions
- Less Data Involved
- Example: Home Automation
Level 2
- Single Device
- Local Analysis Data stored in Cloud Application is Cloud-based
- Suitable for solutions where the data involved is Big but not computationally intensive, hence analysis was done Locally
- Example: Smart Irrigation
Level 3
- Single Node
- Data stored and analyzed in the Cloud Application is cloud-based
- Suitable for Devices where data is big and computation is intensive
- Example: Tracking Package Handling Device monitors vibration levels of the package being shipped
- Sends sensor data to Cloud through WebSocket Service Data stored and visualized in Cloud and analysis component can trigger alerts if vibration levels cross a threshold
Level 4
- Multiple Nodes that perform local analysis
- Data is stored in Cloud and application is Cloud-based Local and Cloud-based observer nodes that can subscribe to and receive information collected in the Cloud from IoT devices
- Observer nodes can collect information and use it but can’t control other nodes
- Suitable for systems which require multiple Nodes, and data is Big and Computationally is intensive
- Example: Noise Monitoring
Level 5
- Multiple End Nodes: perform sensing and Actuation
- One coordinator Node: Collects data from End Nodes and sends to Cloud
- Data stored and analyzed in Cloud
- Suitable for Solutions based on Wireless Sensor Networks, in which data is big and analysis is intensive
- Example: Forest Fire Detection
Level 6
- Multiple End Nodes: performs sensing and actuation and sends information to Cloud
- Data stored in Cloud and application is Cloud-based Analyzed information is stored in Cloud and results are visualized
- Centralized Controller is aware of status of all end Nodes and sends control commands to the nodes
- Example: Weather Monitoring
Thanxx for reading. Stay Tuned for more such posts 🙂
